While adolescent use of tobacco has declined since the 1970s, it remains a persistent public health problem – and e-cigarettes are threatening to addict a new generation to nicotine. In a comprehensive set of policies issued during its National Conference & Exhibition, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) presents extensive recommendations to protect our nation’s youth from the pernicious effects of tobacco and nicotine.
The AAP now strongly recommends the minimum age to purchase tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, should be increased to age 21 nationwide.
“Tobacco use continues to be a major health threat to children, adolescents and adults,” said Karen M. Wilson, MD, MPH, FAAP, chair of the AAP Section on Tobacco Control and section head of Pediatric Hospital Medicine at Children’s Hospital Colorado. “The developing brains of children and teens are particularly vulnerable to nicotine, which is why the growing popularity of e-cigarettes among adolescents is so alarming and dangerous to their long-term health.”
The AAP recommendations are contained in three policy statements announced on Monday, Oct. 26 and published simultaneously in Pediatrics. The statements outline recommendations for public policy changes, clinical guidance for physicians to counsel families on reducing exposure and dependence on tobacco, and recommendations for the regulation of e-cigarettes. A companion technical report provides a review of the scientific evidence that supports the recommendations.
The AAP urges the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems the same as other tobacco products. This includes age restrictions, taxes, bans on advertising to youth, and bans on flavored products that are particularly attractive to youth.
Child-resistant packaging is critically needed to protect curious young children from exposure to liquid nicotine, according to the AAP. Liquid nicotine is extremely toxic; as little as half a teaspoon can be fatal if ingested by an average sized toddler. In 2014, there were more than 3,000 calls to U.S. poison control centers for liquid nicotine exposure, and one toddler died.
The AAP recommends smoke-free laws that already govern secondhand smoke be expanded to include e-cigarettes. The aerosol emitted from e-cigarettes is not harmless; it contains a variety of toxic chemicals, including some carcinogens and significant amounts of nicotine. Parents should not use e-cigarettes around their children, according to the AAP.
There is no scientific evidence that supports the efficacy or safety of e-cigarettes as a tobacco dependence treatment product. In fact, e-cigarette use among teens is associated with a higher likelihood of using regular tobacco and lower rates of smoking cessation. In 2014, more young adults reported using e-cigarettes than any other tobacco product. Pediatricians should screen and counsel children, adolescents, parents and caregivers for e-cigarette use.
To reduce the number of young people who begin to smoke or use other tobacco products, the AAP recommends regulations that will increase prices on tobacco products. Smoking and other tobacco products that produce toxic emission should be prohibited in all workplaces, including bars, restaurants and health care facilities, and they should be banned in places where children live, learn and play, including sidewalks, recreational and sports facilities, entertainment venues, parks, schools and dormitories, and multi-unit housing. Smoke-free homes and smoke-free vehicles should be promoted.
Pediatricians should counsel parents and caregivers who smoke about quitting, and should provide advice to all children and adolescents on the dangers of tobacco use before they experiment with smoking. Tobacco smoke exposure harms children from conception onward. There is no safe level of tobacco or tobacco smoke exposure.
“Tobacco is unique among consumer products in that it severely injures and kills when used exactly as intended,” states the AAP policy statement, “Public Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke.” “Protecting children from tobacco products is one of the most important things that a society can do to protect children’s health.”
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems – AAP Policy Statement
Public Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke – AAP Policy Statement
Clinical Practice Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke – AAP Policy Statement
Protecting Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke – AAP Technical Report